Pro Death Penalty Essay

Capital punishment ought to be kept as a discipline in our court frameworks. It ought to be kept in light of the fact that it helps crime percentages drop, enables provide for conclusion, serves equity, and the sky is the limit from there. Despite the fact that it gives an extraordinary result to the framework there are individuals who contend against it. Individuals against state that death penalty isn't custom, honest individuals get murdered, and its remorseless and unordinary discipline; yet none of those realities are demonstrated, truth be told, there is demonstrate against them. At last capital punishment assists society with feeling good and be a superior spot. Capital punishment forestalls more homicides in the public eye by causing one that is merited. This is on the grounds that individuals get produced of giving everything in vain. They reconsider before they end a real existence since they can be rebuffed by getting their life taken. Capital punishment prevents the vast majority from executing others over inept things like cash, contentions, and so on. A large portion of the individuals that do submit kills either don’t care about there life, didn’t intend to, or have a resentment or mental issue like being insane, schizophrenic, bipolar and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Numerous individuals attempted to demonstrate that capital punishment forestalled murders, yet there endeavors were uncertain. In 1973 Isaac Ehlrich occupied with an investigation which results demonstrated that for each criminal executed 7 lives were spared (MSU); simply because individuals were frightened of capital punishment and didn’t ne ed to take a risk with there life. The numerous individuals that juxtapose capital punishment state that capital punishment doesn’t forestall murders, yet motivations them. Like criminologist William Bowers of Northeastern University says â€Å"Society is harmed by the utilization of capital punishment, this ups the probability of more murder.† (MSU) I believe this is a crazy thought. Regardless of whether society was brutalized by the utilization of capital punishment, for what reason would they ever even consider submitting more killings. The more killings that they submit the more the state would need to sentence capital punishment in this manner making what they were brutalized by far more terrible. Shouldn't something be said about all the hoodlums in our detainment facilities that are carrying out life punishments. Life detainment is the most noticeably awful discipline close to capital punishment and without that there is nothing left to rebuff the prisoners with. On the off chance that the detainee realizes that it can’t deteriorate than that they could slaughter watch and do anything they desired. When there is a discipline of dea th the detainees need to feel that they are in prison and it’s not a decent spot there but rather in any event they are alive. Murder is exceptionally serious wrongdoing and can not be dealt with gently. As expressed by MSU when somebody executes someone they should be rebuffed similarly; as they ought to be for some other wrongdoing. This can be identified with the truism tit for tat obviously we don’t take it to as incredible degree as they did previously. In the event that a young person prepares something like a CD they will get a specific measure of network administration. This is fundamentally being compelled to accomplish humanitarian effort to repay for what you would have taken and additional hours as a discipline. In a demonstration of homicide the victim’s family gets amazingly damaged. The harm caused can never be fixed. In the event that the casualty was state trapped in a crossfire some relatives may be frightened to head outside. They could have bad dreams and substantially more can occur. In the event that the killer is put to equity and executed in any event they will have a co nclusion and realize that the killer can't submit further homicides. New Media Mill expresses that solitary great has occurred since the legislature restored capital punishment after the legal dispute Gregg versus Georgia (1976). Since the time it was restored murder rates have dropped in practically all the states from 30% to 65%. Today, about 70% of America is for capital punishment despite the fact that there are a couple of issues similarly as there is in some other framework. The primary issue is executing and guiltless individual. As per MSU there is no confirmation of any guiltless individual getting executed. It would be incredibly difficult to happen on account of the considerable number of shields and offers included the 1970’s. Regardless of whether a blameless has been executed it is extremely uncommon. It wouldn’t be custom to attempt a stop capital punishment in view of some problematic certainty, that’s like stating there are guiltless individuals in jail so abrogate jail. It is highly unlikely you can be 100% certain which prisoners are guiltless and which ones are not, and you can’t re-examine all there cases since that would take an excessive amount of labor and time. The individuals that do escape death row typically get out in light of lawful details. On the off chance that somebody can be demonstrated blameless the representative will allow them mercy. Different cases are generally simply postponing strategies (MSU). This is way the court has the intrigue framework which permits the detainee to delay the execution. As indicated by measurements on New Media Mill it is bound to take a liable man off death row and put him in a typical jail for life than it is to execute a blameless man. Individuals state that capital punishment is savage and unordinary discipline in the event that anything the framework goes excessively simple on the death row detainees. A few killers slaughter individuals in the most merciless, disturbing, and unbelievable ways and they are executed by deadly infusion. They get the chance to kick the bucket in there rest with no torment or languishing. They kick the bucket the manner in which everybody wishes they bite the dust. In my eyes, that’s not considered a discipline contrasting it with how a few detainees have executed individuals. For instance Michele Ross got capital punishment and was executed by effortless deadly infusion in the wake of assaulting and murdering eight ladies. The individuals put waiting for capital punishment ought to be murdered in a harsher manner. As indicated by MSU government isn’t giving remorseless and irregular discipline by deadly infusion, individuals ought to be glad that they are sufficiently p leasant to execute the prisoners so calmly. I could comprehend individuals considering it to be barbarous and irregular if the administration prohibited deadly infusion and left the detainees with a decision of the other four strategies for execution which are hanging, gas chamber, terminating crew, and electric shock which cause torment (MSU). When hanging the individual drops with the noose around his neck so it snaps his neck. Moment demise doesn’t consistently occur so the individual in some cases chokes. Utilizing the gas chamber they sit the individual in a seat and occupy the room until he gags from the deadly gas. The discharging crew gives a shot to the heart and kills the individual in no time flat or if the heart is missed the individual seeps to death. When being shocked the individual is attached to a seat while they put 2000 volts of power through them. During deadly infusion the individual is taken care of then deadened at that point given a fluid witch stops all capacity in the body. As you see execution can’t show signs of improvement than deadly infusion. Barbarous and bizarre is when Ronell Wilson shot and executed investigators James Nemorin and Rodney Andrews in 2003 (Google News). Ideally you know understand that capital punishment ought to be kept as a discipline in our court frameworks. It has helped crime percentages in pretty much every state drop, it has offered conclusion to numerous families, it has served equity, and the sky is the limit from there. There will consistently be individuals thinking of reasons why capital punishment ought to be halted. Reasons like coldblooded and unordinary discipline, that it harms society, and all the more yet at long last it is the primary concern that prevents individuals from running wild and makes society a superior spot. Work Cited Google News. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/25/06. http://news.google.com/news?q=for+the+death+penaltyMichigan State University. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/21/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.msu.eduNew Media Mill. DPIC. 2006. 11/20/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org

The Importance of Clarity in Writing Essay -- Writing Style Styles Ess

The Importance of Clarity in Writing To compose a decent paper is there a mystical formula to follow? In the event that there is you won't discover it in these two books; Williams' Style: Toward Clarity and Grace and Strunk and White's The Elements of Style. What you will discover is the components that ought to be available to have a fruitful paper. Of the considerable number of styles notice however, one appears to stand out increasingly then the others. This is the component of Clarity. What is lucidity, you might be inquiring? It is essentially the way toward making your paper understood to the target group of your content. This may sound excessively simple and a large portion of us likely think our papers are in every case clear, after all we comprehend what we are stating in them. The inquiry is, does every other person? Both Williams and Strunk and White notice lucidity and the significance it plays in the content we read. Williams bring up that when we run over a sentence that isn't clear our first response is yuck. He proceeds to state, we don't portray sentences on the page; we depict how we feel about them. (17) When I resulted in these present circumstances section, I had never thought of it that way. I had consistently accused the entry somehow or another in the event that I didn't get it. I wouldn't hope to perceive any reason why it wasn't clear, however would think what a horrendous sentence, not understanding that it isn't the sentence that is terrible , yet its lucidity. It is clearness that makes our sentences sound right, which thus will make our sections sound right and afterward our whole paper. On the off chance that we don't have clearness, at that point it won't make any difference what we expound on, on the grounds that there will be no understanding in it. This is the reason we have to follow two straightforward standards as indicated by Williams. These standards are (1) subjects of your sentence should name the characters and (2) ... ...en. This permits the peruser to not feel lost in your paper and will make it increasingly cleared to the individuals who know little regarding the matter. Lucidity is only one of numerous components Williams and Strunk and White secured. I trust it is the most significant one however, in light of the fact that without lucidity, it doesn't make a difference what your paper is finished. You could discover a fix to a savage malady, yet on the off chance that it isn't clear it will never be found. It will rather speak to numerous lines of words that don't stream together. You may adhere to the entirety of different standards set out by Strunk and White, yet it should be coherent. Clearness is the thing that makes content decipherable, even charming and permits a book to succeed. Works Cited Williams, Joseph. Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990. Strunk, William, and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

Skills Needed to Earn a Psychology Degree

Skills Needed to Earn a Psychology Degree Student Resources Print Skills to Improve on as a Psychology Major By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 26, 2019 Prasit Photo/Moment/Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Earning a  psychology degree  certainly requires a number of different skills and abilities, and, as with any field of study, you should start out your education by improving your skills in these areas. In many cases, these may be topics that you have already studied in high school, so you may have a certain level of familiarity with them. In other instances, you might need to beef up your understanding by taking some extra courses during your first or second year of university study. Math At first glance, you might wonder why studying psychology requires math skills. After all, psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, so what does that have to do with mathematics? A great deal it, turns out. Psychology students need to be able to interpret data, understand probabilities and correlations and know how to perform a range of different statistical calculations. Even if you have a limited background in mathematics, this doesnt mean that psychology is off-limits. During the undergraduate years, most students are required to take several math classes to fulfill both general education and program requirements. This is a great opportunity to brush up on your numeracy skills and discover how psychologists use statistics to perform research and understand data. Communication Psychology is all about people, so having strong interpersonal skills is important. If you are interested in pursuing a future career in mental health, you will need to be able to interact with people experiencing a wide range of psychological, emotional, and social problems. Even if you plan to become a research scientist, you will need to rely on your communication skills to convey information in both written and verbal form. Communication skills like knowing how to cope with and resolve conflict and how to comfort someone experiencing a crisis can be particularly important when pursuing a career in psychology. Research and Problem-Solving As a psychology student, you are going to be spending a tremendous amount of time doing research. This might involve performing literature reviews on different topics or collecting data for your own experiments. Strong research skills are vital. Psychology students receive a great deal of training on topics such as research methods. Through your psychology courses, you will learn the basics of the scientific method, various research methods used in psychology, as well as how to conduct psychology experiments. Study Skills Doing well in your psychology classes requires excellent study skills. Juggling a full course load of complex classes that require lots of reading and contain an abundance of information means that you will need to rely on stellar study habits. These skills can include such things as spacing out your study sessions and taking good class notes. You might have already developed some great study habits in high school. However, the transition to college life sometimes makes it difficult to maintain those good habits. One way to remedy this problem is to enroll in a study skills class or look for tutoring assistance offered through your university or your schools psychology department. Psychology can be a fun, challenging, and fascinating subject. Having the right skills can help you succeed. If you love the subject, don’t be afraid to dive in and start working on some of the skills it will take to succeed as a psychology major. 10 Great Reasons to Earn a Psychology Degree

Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning

After reading her poems for the first time, Robert wrote to her: I love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett—I do, as I say, love these verses with all my heart. With that first meeting of hearts and minds, a love affair would blossom between the two. Elizabeth told Mrs. Martin that she was getting deeper and deeper into correspondence with Robert Browning, poet, and mystic; and we are growing to be the truest of friends. During the 20 months of their courtship, the couple exchanged nearly 600 letters. But what is love without obstacles and hardships? As Frederic Kenyon writes, Mr. Browning knew that he was asking to be allowed to take charge of an invalids life—believed indeed that she was even worse than was really the case, and that she was hopelessly incapacitated from ever standing on her feet—-but was sure enough of his love to regard that as no obstacle. The Bonds of Marriage Their subsequent marriage was a secret matter, taking place on September 12, 1846, at Marylebone Church. Most of her family members eventually accepted the match, but her father disowned her, would not open her letters, and refused to see her. Elizabeth stood by her husband, and she credited him with  saving her life. She wrote to Mrs. Martin: I admire such qualities as he has—fortitude, integrity. I loved him for his courage in adverse circumstances which were yet felt by him more literally than I could feel them. Always he has had the greatest power over my heart because I am of those weak women who reverence strong men. Out of their courtship and those early days of marriage came an outpouring of poetic expression. Elizabeth finally gave her little packet of sonnets to her husband, who could not keep them to himself. I dared not, he said, reserve to myself the finest sonnets written in any language since Shakespeares. The collection finally appeared in 1850 as Sonnets from the Portuguese. Kenyon writes, With the single exception of Rossetti, no modern English poet has written of love with such genius, such beauty, and such sincerity, as the two who gave the most beautiful example of it in their own lives. The Brownings lived in Italy for the next 15 years of their lives, until Elizabeth died in Roberts arms on June 29, 1861. It was while they were living there in Italy that they both wrote some of their most memorable poems. Love Letters The romance between Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett is legendary. Heres the first letter that Robert Browning sent to Elizabeth, who would eventually become his wife.   January 10th, 1845New Cross, Hatcham, SurreyI love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett,--and this is no off-hand complimentary letter that I shall write,--whatever else, no prompt matter-of-course recognition of your genius and there a graceful and natural end of the thing: since the day last week when I first read your poems, I quite laugh to remember how I have been turning again in my mind what I should be able to tell you of their effect upon me--for in the first flush of delight I  thought  I would this once get out of my habit of purely passive enjoyment, when I do really enjoy, and thoroughly justify my admiration--perhaps even, as a loyal fellow-craftsman should, try and find fault and do you some little good to be proud of herafter!--but nothing comes of it all--so into me has it gone, and part of me has it become, this great living poetry of yours, not a flower of which but took root and grew... oh, how different that is from lying to be dried and pressed f lat and prized highly and put in a book with a proper account at bottom, and shut up and put away... and the book called a Flora, besides! After all, I need not give up the thought of doing that, too, in time; because even now, talking with whoever is worthy, I can give reason for my faith in one and another excellence, the fresh strange music, the affluent language, the exquisite pathos and true new brave thought--but in this addressing myself to you, your own self, and for the first time, my feeling rises  altogether. I do, as I say, love these Books with all my heart-- and I love you too: do you know I was once seeing you? Mr. Kenyon said to me one morning would you like to see Miss Barrett?--then he went to announce me,--then he returned... you were too unwell -- and now it is years ago--and I feel as at some  untoward  passage in my travels--as if I had been close, so close, to some  worlds wonder  in chapel on crypt,... only a screen to push and I might have entered -- but there was some slight... so it now seems... slight and just-sufficient bar to  admission and the half-opened door shut, and I went home my thousands of miles, and the sight was never to be!Well, these Poems were to be--and this true thankful joy and pride with which I feel myself. Yours ever faithfully Robert Browning

History of the Yellow Star Inscribed With Jude

The yellow star, inscribed with the word Jude (Jew in German), has become a symbol of Nazi persecution. Its likeness abounds upon Holocaust literature and materials. But the Jewish badge was not instituted in 1933 when Hitler came to power. It was not instituted in 1935 when the Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship. It was still not implemented by Kristallnacht in 1938. The oppression and labeling of the Jews by use of the Jewish badge did not begin until after the start of the Second World War. And even then, it began as local laws rather than as a unified Nazi policy. Whether Nazis Where First to Implement a Jewish Badge The Nazis rarely had an original idea. Almost always what made the Nazi policies different was that they intensified, magnified, and institutionalized age-old methods of persecution. The oldest reference to using mandatory articles of clothing to identify and distinguish Jews from the rest of society was in 807 CE. In this year, Abbassid caliph Haroun al-Raschid ordered all Jews to wear a yellow belt and a tall, cone-like hat.1 But it was in 1215 that the Fourth Lateran Council, presided over by Pope Innocent III, made its infamous decree. Canon 68 declared: Jews and Saracens [Muslims] of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress.2 This Council represented all of Christendom and thus this decree was to be enforced throughout all of the Christian countries. The use of a badge was not instantaneous throughout Europe nor were the dimensions or shape of the badge uniform. As early as 1217, King Henry III of England ordered Jews to wear on the front of their upper garment the two tablets of the Ten Commandments made of white linen or parchment.3 In France, local variations of the badge continued until Louis IX decreed in 1269 that both men and women were to wear badges on the outer garment, both front and back, round pieces of yellow felt or linen, a palm long and four fingers wide.4 In Germany and Austria, Jews were distinguishable in the latter half of the 1200s when the wearing of a horned hat otherwise known as a Jewish hat — an article of clothing that Jews had worn freely before the crusades — became mandatory. It wasnt until the fifteenth century when a badge became the distinguishing article in Germany and Austria. The use of badges became relatively widespread throughout Europe within a couple of centuries and continued to be used as distinctive markings until the age of Enlightenment. In 1781, Joseph II of Austria made major torrents into the use of a badge with his Edict of Tolerance and many other countries discontinued their use of badges very late in the eighteenth century. When the Nazis Decided to Re-Use the Jewish Badge The first reference to a Jewish badge during the Nazi era was made by the German Zionist leader, Robert Weltsch. During the Nazi declared boycott upon Jewish stores on April 1, 1933, yellow Stars of David were painted on windows. In reaction to this, Weltsch wrote an article entitled Tragt ihn mit Stolz, den gelben Fleck (Wear the Yellow Badge with Pride) which was published on April 4, 1933. At this time, Jewish badges had yet even to be discussed among the top Nazis. It is believed that the first time that the implementation of a Jewish badge was discussed among the Nazi leaders was right after Kristallnacht in 1938. At a meeting on November 12, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich made the first suggestion about a badge. But it wasnt until after the Second World War began in September 1939 that individual authorities implemented a Jewish badge in the Nazi German-occupied territories of Poland. For instance, on November 16, 1939, the order for a Jewish badge was announced in Lodz. We are returning to the Middle Ages. The yellow patch once again becomes a part of Jewish dress. Today an order was announced that all Jews, no matter what age or sex, have to wear a band of Jewish-yellow, 10 centimeters wide, on their right arm, just below the armpit.5 Various locales within occupied Poland had their own regulations about size, color, and shape of the badge to be worn until Hans Frank made a decree that affected all of the Government General in Poland. On November 23, 1939, Hans Frank, the chief officer of the Government General, declared that all Jews above ten years of age were to wear a white badge with a Star of David on their right arm. It wasnt until nearly two years later that a decree, issued on September 1, 1941, issued badges to Jews within Germany as well as occupied and incorporated Poland. This badge was the yellow Star of David with the word Jude (Jew) and worn on the left side of ones chest. How Implementing the Jewish Badge Helped the Nazis Of  course, the obvious benefit of the badge to the Nazis was the visual labeling of the Jews. No longer would the rabble only be able to attack and persecute those Jews with stereotypical Jewish features or forms of dress, now all Jews and  part-Jews  were open to the various Nazi actions. The badge made a distinction. One day there were just people on the street, and the next day, there were Jews and non-Jews. A common reaction was as Gertrud Scholtz-Klinks stated in her answer to the question, What did you think when one day in 1941 you saw so many of your fellow Berliners appear with yellow stars on their coats? Her answer, I dont know how to say it. There were so many. I felt that my aesthetic sensibility was wounded. 6   All of a sudden, stars were everywhere, just like Hitler had said there were. How the Badge Affected Jews At first, many Jews felt humiliated about having to wear the badge. As in Warsaw: For many weeks the Jewish intelligentsia retired to voluntary house arrest. Nobody dared to go out into the street with the stigma on his arm, and if compelled to do so, tried to sneak through without being noticed, in shame and in pain, with his eyes fixed to the ground.7 The badge was an obvious, visual, step back to the Middle Ages, a time before Emancipation. But soon after its implementation, the badge represented more than humiliation and shame, it represented fear. If a Jew forgot to wear their badge they could be fined or imprisoned, but often, it meant beatings or death. Jews came up with ways to remind themselves not to go out without their badge. Posters often could be found at the exit doors of apartments that warned Jews by stating: Remember the Badge! Have you already put on the Badge? The Badge! Attention, the Badge! Before leaving the  building,  put on the Badge! But remembering to wear the badge was not their only fear. Wearing the badge meant that they were targets for attacks and that they could be grabbed for forced labor. Many Jews attempted to hide the badge. When the badge was a white armband with a Star of David, men and women would wear white shirts or blouses. When the badge was yellow and worn on the chest, Jews would carry objects and hold them in such a way as to cover their badge. To make sure that Jews could be easily noticed, some local authorities added additional stars to be worn on the back and even on one knee. But those werent the only rules. And, actually, what made the fear of the badge even greater were the other innumerable infractions for which Jews could be punished. Jews could be punished for wearing a creased or  folded  badge. They could be punished for wearing their badge a centimeter out of place. They could be punished for attaching the badge using a safety pin rather than sewing it onto their clothing.9 The use of safety pins was an effort to conserve badges and yet give themselves flexibility in outfits. Jews were required to wear a badge on their outer clothing — thus, at least on their dress or shirt and on their overcoat. But often, the material for badges or the badges themselves were scarce, so the number of dresses or shirts that one owned far exceeded the availability of badges. In order to wear more than one dress or shirt all the time, Jews would safety pin a badge onto their clothing for easy transfer of the badge to the next days clothing. The Nazis did not like the practice of safety pinning for they believed it was so the Jews could easily take off their star if danger seemed near. And it very often was. Under the Nazi regime, Jews were constantly in danger. Up to the time when Jewish badges were implemented, uniform persecution against the Jews could not be accomplished. With the visual labeling of Jews, the years of haphazard persecution quickly changed to organized destruction. References 1. Joseph Telushkin,  Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History  (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991) 163.2. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215: Decree Concerning the Garb Distinguishing Jews from Christians, Canon 68 as quoted in Guido Kisch, The Yellow Badge in History,  Historia Judaica  4.2 (1942): 103.3. Kisch, Yellow Badge 105.4. Kisch, Yellow Badge 106.5. Dawid Sierakowiak,  The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) 63.6. Claudia Koonz,  Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics  (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987) xxi.7. Lieb Spizman as quoted in Philip Friedman,  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust  (New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980) 24.8. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18.9. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18. Sources Friedman, Philip. Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980.Kisch, Guido. The Yellow Badge in History. Historia Judaica 4.2 (1942): 95-127.Koonz, Claudia. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. New York: St. Martins Press, 1987.Sierakowiak, Dawid. The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the  Lodz Ghetto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Straus, Raphael. The Jewish Hat as an Aspect of Social History. Jewish Social Studies 4.1 (1942): 59-72.Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991.

Kildress Free Essays

We have developed food waste profiles for 25 of our most frequently purchased food products. These profiles highlight the percentage of total food production wasted at every stage of the value chain. Below is a selection of these profiles and a summary of how we are tackling the food waste hotshots. We will write a custom essay sample on Kildress or any similar topic only for you Order Now Potatoes To reduce losses in the field and processing we are: Reviewing waste alongside customer preferences when selecting different potato varieties using satellite and aerial mapping technology to identify specific trends In lied losses ‘Introducing new technology to remove stones earlier In processing to reduce damage To help customers reduce food waste in the home we are reviewing opportunities for modified atmosphere packaging which could help the potatoes to last longer. Field losses 9%, Processing losses 6%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer waste 39% Illustration of potatoes Cheese To help reduce the amount of cheese our customers waste at home we have: Introduced re-sellable packaging on all British cheddar standardized the on-pack shelf life Information so that customers know, for example, that all soft and blue cheeses should be used within three days of opening Added recipes on our Real Food website to provide ways for customers to use up any leftover cheese Field losses 1%, Processing losses under 1%, Retail waste under 1%, Consumer waste Illustration of a cheese board Lamb transporting lamb to improve product quality and freshness. To increase shelf life for customers we are rolling out specialized packaging. This genealogy has been successfully introduced for beef, giving customers up to an extra five days to consume the product, and we hope it will have a similar impact for lamb. Field losses 7%, Processing losses 13%, Retail waste 1%, Consumer was te 5% Illustration of lamb Within the scope of KEMP Alp’s limited assurance opinion see page 42 for more details. * Since we published our first five food waste profiles in October 2013, WRAP has published revised household food waste data which has been incorporated into our 25 food waste profiles. How to cite Kildress, Papers

Influence of Organizational Structure Types †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Organizational Structure Types. Answer: Introduction Strategy can be defined as a combined and synchronized set of activities and commitments conducted by the managers which is intended to exploit the core competencies of the organization and to gain competitive advantage over its competitors (Gibbons, Scott and Fhionnlaoich, 2015). The organizational structure can be defined as the formal reporting associations, processes, regulations, authorities and decision making processes of the organization. The structure of the organization comprises of three elements viz. control structures, administrative structures and accountability structures. Control structures include the mechanism for assessing the performance of the human resources employed in the organizational structure. Administrative structure defines the classification of labor on the basis of tasks in the organization whereas accountability structures explain the allocation of responsibilities and authority to people in the organization (Bielawska, 2016). So, in this literature review, the various aspects of the relationship between the strategy and organizational structure will be stated along with the analysis of the findings present in the review. According to Maduenyi et al. (2015) the organization cannot exist without a proper structure. The goal of organizational structure is the allocation of the duties and responsibilities among the human resources and the synchronization of their activities to accomplish the objectives of the organization. The organizational structure comprises of the level of horizontal integration, layers of hierarchy, centralization of power and methods of communication. As per Ajagbe et al. (2016) organizational strategy can be explained as the direction and the scope of the company over a long period of time thereby assisting the organization to benefit with the help of alignment of resources. There are various components of the organizational strategy which aligns the organizational structure to accomplish the goals of the organization. It comprises of the mission statement which defines the purpose of the existence of the organization. The vision refers to the projected state of the organization in the future. The objectives intrude the discipline in the strategy. They determine the specific goals of the organization over a period of time (Waribugo and Etim, 2016). Therefore, the strategy and the structure should be aligned to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The transformations in the operating environment of the company and its structure must be aligned to harmonize with the organizational strategy so that the company can confront the dynamic and volatile forces operating in the industry in which it operates. The coordination of the strategy, structure, environment and the core competencies of the organization is known as Strategic Fit (Kalay and Lynn, 2014). It is a universally accepted position of many scholars that Structure follows Strategy. It suggests that every commercial activity in which the firm is involved is based on its strategies. Thus it is the main factor for the development of the organizational structure. The structure of the organization is one of the important means through which the strategy is implemented to create equilibrium between the firms competence and efficacy. The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Concepts of the Relationship between the Organizational Strategy and Structure and their Contribution to Knowledge The relationship between the organizational structure and the strategy play an important role in the success of the company. For the accomplishment of the objectives of the company, the mission, vision and objectives are interlinked to its divisional, departmental and individual goals .Thus the new strategies require a modified structure if the organization has to be operated successfully. An appropriate match between the strategy and the structure results in high performance in the company (Daniel, 2015). According to the opinion of Neis, Pereira and Maccari (2016) the success of the transformations in the strategy of the organization is also dependent on the changes in its structure. The relationship of the cause and effect between the strategy and structure can be seen in the organizations which implement the strategies of vertical integration. As and when the management of the company decides to assimilate the new production processes in its production strategies, a need for the new and modified organizational structure emerges. But this aspect also has some weaknesses. Sometimes the strategy and structural relationships may result in certain complications which may be difficult to cope up within the dynamic environment of the industry in which the company operates. The complexity of the strategic changes needs to be managed properly rather than imposing an organizational structure as it may be inappropriate for the evolution of the innovative strategies (Nickols, 2016). Also, the organizational structure can be created or modified for the wrong reasons. It may result in the failure of the planning and re-planning efforts. The interrelation and coordination of the various structural units can be incomplete. The connection of the organizational strategy with the modified structure may be ambiguous or non-existing in some cases (Jani?ijevi?, 2013). The top management cannot implement a new strategy and direction and expect the organizational structure to be molded immediately. To apply the strategic shift, a complete transformation is required within the organization itself. The change in the strategies must be based on the cause and effect analysis on the goals of the organization. If it is not well executed then it will result in the failure in executing the strategies of the organization. Thus, the strategic transformation should support the strategy (Hunter, 2015). Analysis of the findings presented in the literature review Structure and strategy are linked to each other. The company whole making the transformations in the strategy must also consider the fact that every aspect of the structure must support the strategy. It will lead to implementing the transformations which will be everlasting. Thus the success of the strategic transformations depends upon their appropriateness (Rastislav and Silvia, 2015). Transforming the strategy pertains to transforming everything in the organization. The strategy should be changed in a desirable way which is acceptable by the management at all the levels of the organization. The organizational structure and strategy decide the objectives of the company together. With clear and defined strategies about what the company aspires to achieve, it will progress to align its structure to the best possible way to achieve the objectives. For the company to accomplish its objectives, the strategy and structures must be combined thoroughly. Structure is supported by strategy (Aleksi? and Jelavi?, 2017). If the company transforms its strategy, it must change its structures accordingly. A mismatch between the two may result in failure to accomplish the objectives if the company. If there is a failure in transformation of the structure according to the strategy, it will pull back the organization to its old strategy. If strategy is about implementing a plan, then an appropriate means of structuring the activities and resources should be found and maintained. Without the proper alignment of strategy, structure and environment, the organization may face problems in achieving long term success (Anwar, Shah and Hasnu, 2016). Thus the organization should adopt the approaches of flexibility, adaptability, creativity, empowerment and support of the team to maintain a balance between the strategy and structure (Steiger, Hammou and Galib, 2014). Conclusion Hence, to conclude, it can be said that the strategy of the organization explain the methods to accomplish the goals of the organization with the available resources and capabilities, to cope up with its threats and opportunities. For coordinating the structure with the strategies, there must be a close coordination amongst all the functions of the organization. The companies adjust their structures according to their strategies. The companies with low capital adopt the simplest structures to regulate their cost of product development costs. To accomplish their goals, there must be few layers in decision making and authority structures and a centralized focus on the process improvements. References Ajagbe , M.A., Bih , J., Olujobi , J.O. and Udo , E.E.U.(2016) Which Precedes the other? Organizational Strategy or Organizational Structure. IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management. 2(6), pp. 50-66. Aleksi? , A. and Jelavi?, S.R.(2017) Testing for Strategy-Structure Fit and Its Importance For Performance. Management. 22(1),pp. 85-102. Anwar, J., Shah , S. and Hasnu, S.(2016) Business Strategy and Organizational Performance: Measures and Relationships. Pakistan Economic and Social Review. 54(1),pp. 97-122. Bielawska, A.Z. (2016) Perceived mutual impact of strategy and organizational structure: Findings from the high-technology enterprises. Journal of Management Organization. 22(5), pp. 599-622. Daniel , R.M.(2015) Revisiting the strategic management process through the levels of strategy analysis. Asian Journal of Management Research. 6(1),pp. 29-34. Gibbons, P., Scott, P.S. and Fhionnlaoich, C.M.(2015) Strategic management: A perspective on the development of the field of strategic management and the contribution of the Irish Journal of Management. Irish Journal of Management. 34(1), pp. 22-41. Hunter, S.D. (2015) Combining Theoretical Perspectives on the Organizational Structure -Performance Relationship. Journal of Organization Design. 4(2),pp. 24-37. Jani?ijevi?, N. (2013) The Mutual Impact of Organizational Culture And Structure. Economic Annals. LVIII(198),pp. 35-60. Kalay, F. and Lynn, G.S. (2014)The Impact of Strategic Innovation Management Practices on Firm Innovation Performance. Research Journal of Business Management.2(3),pp. 412-429. Maduenyi, S. , Oke, A.O., Fadeyi, O. and Ajagbe, M.A.(2015) Impact of Organizational Structure on Organizational Performance [online] Available from: https://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/5296/1/Paper%20140.pdf [Accessed 31st March, 2018]. Neis, D.F., Pereira, M.F. and Maccari, E.A. (2016) Strategic Planning Process and Organizational Structure: impacts, confluence and similarities [online] Available from: https://www.bbronline.com.br/public/edicoes/ahead/3112-en.pdf Nickols , F.(2016) Strategy, Strategic Planning, Strategic Thinking, Strategic Management [online] Available from: https://www.nickols.us/strategy_etc.pdf Rastislav, R. and Silvia, L. (2015) Strategic Management of Business Performance Based on Innovations and Information Support in Specific Conditions of Slovakia. Journal of Competitiveness. 7(1),pp. 3-21. Steiger, J.S., Hammou, K.A. and Galib, M.H. (2014) An Examination of the Influence of Organizational Structure Types and Management Levels on Knowledge Management Practices in Organizations. International Journal of Business and Management.9(6),pp. 43-57. Waribugo, S. and Etim, A.E. (2016) The Impact of Structure on Strategy Implementation among Telecommunication Firms in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management.8(14),pp. 59-68.

Teacher As Leader Essays - Pedagogy, Educational Psychology, Teacher

Teacher As Leader Touching more lives, affecting the outcome of so many futures a teacher is the epitome of a leader. Just as a leader has his or her own style, their way of motivating their students, also plays an important part in a students success. Spending more time with our children then most parents do, a teacher is fundamental in shaping our children. If they are poor leaders our children suffer. When they shine as leaders our children blossom and the universe is wide open to them. As a teacher it is of utmost importance that you tune your leadership skills and find the best style of teaching for the students you are teaching. In finding resources for this paper it was interesting to note that all the information fell under the category of leadership and not teacher qualities. It was also interesting to note that the principle the US Army teaches on leadership are included in an overwhelming number of corporations as well taught mostly by retired military themselves. The intrinsic characteristics of a teacher can be categorized into a few main teaching styles or leadership styles. Directing, Participating, Delegating, and Combined styles are the main forms of teaching and leading. The qualities associated with these styles are imperative to any teacher. The purpose as teachers is fundamentally the same as leaders, to provide purpose, direction and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission in this case to educate. All four of these actions must be present in order for a student to benefit. A leader or teacher is not born but cultivated through his/her upbringing and environment. In my experience as a leader, teaching in Educational Psychology, being a parent, I have learned that what you as a leader or teacher bring to your students or audience is imperative to their development and learning. A teacher's personal characteristics are also crucial factor in students' development and motivation. The first principle is purpose, which has to be conveyed to the student. "Why do I need to learn Math? How will studying History benefit me?" Without the "why's" we as students are lost. A teacher must give the purpose. "It is important to you because..." If this question is left unanswered the student will not consider the value of the topic being discussed. To move from purely acceptance to questioning and understanding denotes a higher level of learning. This is the main objective of teaching. Moving the students from regurgitation to higher realization is the ultimate goal. Teachers need to take the time to explain the "why's" and in the long run it will benefit both the teacher and student. Direction is tied to purpose. Direction is the steps we are going to take to get to that important purpose. Without steps or direction, we lack the framework in which to learn. By prioritizing small tasks (you must teach numbers before adding them) your lessons will be more effective. By conveying the direction or path to your students you are setting up the checklist for them to follow on to higher learning. Purpose and direction are essential aspects to convey to your students. Without motivation however these factors will not be effective. The motivation will give your students the will and desire to do things. You can tell a student the purpose of a task and the direction in which to go but without the internal motivation of that student, sparked by your personality and learned tactics in dealing with students, these will be meaningless. Motivation is the drive and will to do what needs to be done to accomplish the mission. To instill motivation a teacher has to know his/her students and their capabilities. A teacher must know what the students can relate to, what tasks the student are capable of, and what method of teaching will relate to the students. If a student can handle not being supervised on a task, then the teacher doesn't baby-sit them. Some students need a teacher looking over their shoulder at all times; it's important to know which student you have. To instill positive motivation when they succeed - praise them; when they fail - show them how to succeed next time. If this is done properly it will be a teacher's strongest tool! Motivation is not just the words you say to your students, it is the actions that you do and the example you set for them. I have found that no matter what I tell my subordinates, or my son, the best way to teach them is

The History of Spacesuits

The History of Spacesuits The pressure suit for Project Mercury was designed and first developed during 1959 as a compromise between the requirements for flexibility and adaptability. Learning to live and move within aluminum-coated nylon and rubber garments, pressurized at five pounds per square inch, was like trying to adapt to life within a pneumatic tire. Led by Walter M. Schirra, Jr., the astronauts trained hard to wear the new spacesuits. Ever since 1947, the Air Force and the Navy, by mutual agreement, had specialized in developing partial-pressure and full-pressure flying suits for jet pilots, respectively, but a decade later, neither type was quite satisfactory for the newest definition of extreme altitude protection (space). Such suits required extensive modifications, particularly in their air circulation systems, to meet the needs of the Mercury space pilots. More than 40 experts attended the first spacesuit conference on January 29, 1959. Three primary competitors - the David Clark Company of Worcester, Massachusetts (a prime supplier for Air Force pressure suits), the International Latex Corporation of Dover, Delaware (a bidder on a number of government contracts involving rubberized material), and the B. F. Goodrich Company of Akron, Ohio (suppliers of most of the pressure suits used by the Navy) - competed to provide by the first of June their best spacesuit designs for a series of evaluation tests. Goodrich was finally awarded the prime contract for the Mercury space suit on July 22, 1959. Russell M. Colley, along with Carl F. Effler, D. Ewing, and other Goodrich employees, modified the famous Navy Mark IV pressure suit for NASAs needs in space orbital flight. The design was based on the jet flight suits, with added layers of aluminized Mylar over the neoprene rubber. Pressure suits also were designed individually according to use - some for training, others for evaluation and development. Thirteen operational research suits first were ordered to fit astronauts Schirra and Glenn, their flight surgeon Douglas, the twins Gilbert and Warren J. North, at McDonnell and NASA Headquarters, respectively, and other astronauts and engineers to be specified later. A second order of eight suits represented the final configuration and provided adequate protection for all flight conditions in the Mercury program. The Mercury Project spacesuits were not designed for space walking. Spacewalking suits were first designed for Projects Gemini and Apollo. History of Wardrobes for Space The Mercury spacesuit was a modified version of a U.S. Navy high altitude jet aircraft pressure suit. It consisted of an inner layer of Neoprene-coated nylon fabric and a restraint outer layer of aluminized nylon. Joint mobility at the elbow and knees was provided by simple fabric break lines sewn into the suit; but even with these break lines, it was difficult for a pilot to bend his arms or legs against the force of a pressurized suit. As an elbow or knee joint was bent, the suit joints folded in on themselves reducing suit internal volume and increasing pressure. The Mercury suit was worn soft or unpressurized and served only as a backup for possible spacecraft cabin pressure lossan event that never happened. Limited pressurized mobility would have been a minor inconvenience in the small Mercury spacecraft cabin. Spacesuit designers followed the U.S. Air Force approach toward greater suit mobility when they began to develop the spacesuit for the two-man Gemini spacecraft. Instead of the fabric-type joints used in the Mercury suit, the Gemini spacesuit had a combination of a pressure bladder and a link-net restraint layer that made the whole suit flexible when pressurized. The gas-tight, man-shaped pressure bladder was made of Neoprene-coated nylon and covered by load bearing link-net woven from Dacron and Teflon cords. The net layer, being slightly smaller than the pressure bladder, reduced the stiffness of the suit when pressurized and served as a sort of structural shell, much like a tire contained the pressure load of the inner tube in the era before tubeless tires. Improved arm and shoulder mobility resulted from the multi-layer design of the Gemini suit. Walking on the Moons surface a quarter million miles away from Earth presented a new set of problems to spacesuit designers. Not only did the Moon explorers spacesuits have to offer protection from jagged rocks and the searing heat of the lunar day, but the suits also had to be flexible enough to permit stooping and bending as Apollo crewmen gathered samples from the Moon, set up scientific data stations at each landing site, and used the lunar rover vehicle, an electric-powered dune buggy, for transportation over the surface of the Moon. The additional hazard of micrometeoroids that constantly pelt the lunar surface from deep space was met with an outer protective layer on the Apollo spacesuit. A backpack portable life support system provided oxygen for breathing, suit pressurization, and ventilation for moonwalks lasting up to 7 hours. Apollo spacesuit mobility was improved over earlier suits by use of bellows-like molded rubber joints at the shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. Modifications to the suit waist for Apollo 15 through 1 7 missions added flexibility making it easier for crewmen to sit on the lunar rover vehicle. From the skin out, the Apollo A7LB spacesuit began with an astronaut-worn liquid-cooling garment, similar to a pair of long johns with a network of spaghetti-like tubing sewn onto the fabric. Cool water, circulating through the tubing, transferred metabolic heat from the Moon explorers body to the backpack and thence to space. Next came a comfort and donning improvement layer of lightweight nylon, followed by a gas-tight pressure bladder of Neoprene-coated nylon or bellows-like molded joints components, a nylon restraint layer to prevent the bladder from ballooning, a lightweight thermal super insulation of alternating layers of thin Kapton and glass-fiber cloth, several layers of Mylar and spacer material, and finally, protective outer layers of Teflon-coated glass-fiber Beta cloth. Apollo space helmets were formed from high strength polycarbonate and were attached to the spacesuit by a pressure-sealing neck ring. Unlike Mercury and Gemini helmets, which were closely fitted and moved with the crewmans head, the Apollo helmet was fixed and the head was free to move within. While walking on the Moon, Apollo crewmen wore an outer visor assembly over the polycarbonate helmet to shield against eye damaging ultraviolet radiation, and to maintain head and face thermal comfort. Completing the Moon explorers ensembles were lunar gloves and boots, both designed for the rigors of exploring, and the gloves for adjusting sensitive instruments. The lunar surface gloves consisted of integral structural restraint and pressure bladders, molded from casts of the crewmens hands, and covered by multi-layered super insulation for thermal and abrasion protection. Thumb and fingertips were molded of silicone rubber to permit a degree of sensitivity and feel. Pressure-sealing disconnects, similar to the helmet-to-suit connection, attached the gloves to the spacesuit arms. The lunar boot was actually an overshoe that the Apollo lunar explorer slipped on over the integral pressure boot of the spacesuit. The outer layer of the lunar boot was made from metal-woven fabric, except for the ribbed silicone rubber sole; the tongue area was made from Teflon-coated glass-fiber cloth. The boot inner layers were made from Teflon-coated glass-fiber cloth followed by 25 alternating layers of Kapton film and glass-fiber cloth to form an efficient, lightweight thermal insulation. Nine Skylab crewmen manned the Nations first space station for a total of 171 days during 1973 and 1974. They wore simplified versions of the Apollo spacesuit while doing the historic repair of the Skylab and changing film canisters in the solar observatory cameras. Jammed solar panels and the loss of a micrometeoroid shield during the launch of the Skylab orbital workshop necessitated several space walks for freeing the solar panels and for erecting a substitute shield. The spacesuit changes from Apollo to Skylab included a less expensive to manufacture and lightweight thermal micrometeoroid over garment, elimination of the lunar boots, and a simplified and less expensive extravehicular visor assembly over the helmet. The liquid cooling garment was retained from Apollo, but umbilicals and astronaut life support assembly (ALSA) replaced backpacks for life support during space walks. Apollo-type spacesuits were used again in July 1975 when American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts rendezvoused and docked in Earth orbit in the joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) flight. Because no space walks were planned, U.S. crewmen were equipped with modified A7LB intra-vehicular Apollo spacesuits fitted with a simple cover layer replacing the thermal micrometeoroid layer. Information and Photos provided by NASAModified Extracts from This New Ocean: A History of Project MercuryBy Loyd S. Swenson Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander

Due to their low-cost and high-quality of goods, new technology and Thesis

Due to their low-cost and high-quality of goods, new technology and computers are eliminating jobs in America - Thesis Example Automated machines have displayed a high consistency, quality output and good work flow. They simplify production and reduce lead times. In regard to safety, they reduce the number of on-the-job casualties that can occur hence reduced medical bills for injured workers. They are a solution to harsh and dangerous working conditions and workplaces, for example, places with toxic fumes, under water and fire (Jeremy, 1995). They perform tasks that are beyond human capabilities, endurance and speed. Louise (2010) reveals that the drop in manufacturing employment is significant in America especially over the past decade. He further states that between the years 2000 and 2007 alone, there has been a 20% drop in manufacturing employment. The drop has increased further, because of the recent recession, by 15%. In many manufacturing companies, routine tasks have been automated. Therefore, there is no more need to have many workers. Manufacturing companies have witnessed improved production as a result of tapping into computers and other improved technology. Manufactures are also encouraged by the cost-efficiency of these automated machines and computers as compared to paying many workers. This has led to low cost of production and has translated to better profits and hence a good reason to keep out human labor to the best extend possible. This has led to many people loosing their jobs and the jobless remaining jobless (Jeremy, 1995). According to Louise (2010), there has been about six times increase in the amount of information processing equipment from the year 1987- 2007 in the US. These information processing equipment include robots and computers. Manufacturers also doubled the capital used per employee for each hour’s work in this period. This led to increased production capital thus reduced net profits. These advanced computers and robotics have increased production by enabling machines to perfume routine tasks better than men. This has encouraged replacemen t of the expensive, less productive human labor by of robots and computers. The loss of employment due to improved technology and computers is not only limited to manufacturing companies. Workers in other sectors have also been affected. For example, automated telephone switchboards and telephone answering have replaced telephone operators. In the medical fields such as electrocardiography or radiography, primary screening is now done faster and more accurately by automated systems. The analysis of human genes, tissues and cells is also done by automated machines. This has locked out medical personnel who are qualified to do these jobs (Brain, 2003). Automated video surveillance (AVS) was developed and applied for security purposes between 1997—1999. The airborne video surveillance (AVS) was developed between 1998 and 2002. These have been used in busy environments to monitor people. They record happenings, send warning signals incase of danger and alert authorities incase al arming situations happen therefore replacing a significant number of human security personnel (Brain, 2003). Tellers in banks have also been greatly affected due to development of automated teller machines (ATMs). For cash and other transactions, people no longer the need to visit banks and queue for a long time for these services. Due to growing demand for safety and mobility on the roads, there has been adoption of the automated highway systems. Over the last six years the US congress has allocated over $600million for the development of intelligent transport systems

European fantasy sport analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European fantasy sport analysis - Research Paper Example With the saturated point of Great Britain, the market of the fantasy league is gradually growing to build the brands to the outside emerging markets. The fantasy league is largely grown in three major countries in Europe. Germany, France, and Italy proved to be the best marketplace for the sports fantasy more especially in football. Mondogoal is a company that is based in the territories of Europe (Lupica, 2014). There were a number of reasons why it was based to Europe especially in football. There was a license that was issued in the Great Britain including England, Wales, and Scotland. Italy, Spain, France, and Germany are regulated thus it is time-consuming and costly to get a license. Most of the companies decide to partner with the companies that have already acquired the license in order to offer the service. Brazil has got no problem when establishing the fantasy sports company because as long as one is not based there, he or she can play the gamble game and earn cash. The on ly problem is that the market is new and its growing up (Blessings, 2012). Analysis of the marketIn Europe, the fantasy sport is very popular because the companies involved normally allow players to select from the real players from the sports. That is to say, the players of this game normally choose the virtual players online, all from the list of the players they adore. With the ardent fans of these game-winning prizes upon winning the game, it has penetrated in many parts of Europe (Collins, 2013).

Slavery in Ancient Rome

Slavery in Ancient Rome A slave was a person who was usually captured in battle and send back to Rome to be sold. Most slaves in ancient Rome were acquired through warfare, and the Roman armies would bring back captives as part of a reward for their presence in battles. Some of the defeated soldiers were also brought back as slaves and normally brought in a lot of money and this could also serve as an alternative to imprisoning them or killing them. Fathers could also go on and sell their children into slavery if they had a need for money and this was actually lawful. The abandoned children on the streets could also be brought up as slaves. Slaves were brought in from all over Europe and the Mediterranean especially among the Germans, Thracians, Celts and Eastern Mediterranean. It was against the law to enslave Roman citizens or Italians living in Gallia Cisalpina. New slaves were acquired first by wholesalers who dealt directly with the Roman armies. Many of these dealers were Jewish in origin and slavery trade served as their main source of livelihood for the Roman Jews. Julius Ceasar once sold the whole populace of a conquered region in Gaul of almost 53000 people to slave traders at a go. Slaves were sold at public auctions within the empire or in shops and the most valuable were sold by private sales. The sales were overseen by Roman fiscal officials called Quaestors. Sometimes the traders built revolving stands where the slaves stood and they hung around their necks a plaque describing each slave in terms of their origin, health, intelligence, character and any other information that would help the buyer make a sale. Prices were usually pegged on age and strength and some sales have been documented to have fetched thousands of dollars in todays dollars. The dealers gave a six months guarantee if the slave showed any defects that were not stated at the time of the sale by taking back the slave or returning the buyers money. Slaves that were sold without a guarantee were made to wear a cap at the time of the auction. The experiences of slaves generally varied with the place and the person who owned them. There were many reports of abuse and harsh treatment given to slaves though it is not possible to indicate how widespread this was at the time. Cato the Elder was recorded as saying that he expelled any old and sick slaves within his household. Some defeated soldiers usually chose to commit suicide rather than be taken into slavery by the Romans. Seneca who was a Roman writer held the view that a well treated slave performed better than a mistreated slave. An example of different experience by slaves would be that of Cicero who had a slave called Tiro. Tiro was Ciceros secretary, confidant editor and right-hand man. After Ciceros death Tiro went on to publish a number of Ciceros speeches since he had known where they had kept them. Tiro also wrote the biography of Cicero, a grammar book and a book on philosophical questions and also invented a new type of shorthand that he had used to take notes from Cicero. Ciceros brother and his family were very close to Tiro and when Tiro had been taken ill before, his master; Cicero had literally taken care of him like he would have his own child. Ciceros son, Marcus, often wrote to Tiro whenever he needed any advice and the two had a relationship more of an uncle and nephew rather than that of a young lord and family slave. In 53BCE, Cicero freed Tiro. On that day Ciceros brother Quintos wrote him a letter of congratulations that read,: I am truly grateful for what you have done about Tiro, in judging his former condition to be below his deserts and preferring us to have him as a friend rather than a slave. Believe me, I jumped for joy when I read your letter and his. Thank you, and congratulations. [Tr. K. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome]. Scholars believe that Tiro may have turned 50 on the day he was freed. This relationship raises many questions about slavery, why did it take Cicero so many years too free Tiro if he had noted for all those years how loyal and true Tiro was? Most compelling of all, if you grew up in a world where the social institution of slavery was normal, even normative, how could one recognize the human dignity of any slave? As many enemies as slaves was common proverb heard throughout Roman lands. Most citizens believed there was a constant danger of servile insurrection, which had more than once seriously threatened the republic, and as such this justified the severest measures in self-defense. They used the law of collective responsibility: if a slave killed his master, the authorities put all of the slaves in that household to death. Slaves who misbehaved have been known to be beaten, burned with an iron or sometimes even killed, regardless of their age or sex although most slaves were usually males. Slaves normally sought freedom by escaping their homes. Historian Moses Finley noted as such, fugitive slaves are almost an obsession in the sources. Harboring of fugitive slaves in Rome was illegal and professional slave-catchers were hired to hunt down runaways. Advertisements were posted everywhere which provided descriptions of escaped slaves, and offered rewards in some cases. When caught, fugitives were brutally punished and branded on the forehead with the letter F, for fugitivus. Sometimes slaves had a metal collar riveted around the neck and such a collar was preserved in Rome and states in Latin, I have run away. Catch me. If you take me back to my master Zoninus, youll be rewarded. The legal status of slaves in ancient Rome was well defined. First and foremost slaves were property and their owners exercised dominium over slaves. Dominium was the absolute right to dispose of and control the use of a piece of property. Secondly, slaves could have no family. Any children conceived of the slaves automatically became slaves and mothers chose to kill their babies rather than expose them to slavery. Slaves formed families but they had no legal authority to protect these relationships. Third, a slave by all definition had no honor and dignity and the essence of being a slave was the inability to protect ones body. A slave was also defined by the absence of the right to a fair trial and appeal before suffering any physical punishment. Owners could beat slaves as they wished and even demand for sexual relations with slaves of either sex. The mere experience of a state in which an individual could not protect his own body from abuse was inherently and permanently degradin g. As in the case of Tiro and Cicero, Tiro was still a slave in spite of all the respect and loyalty he received from his master and his family. No-one is sure how many slaves existed in the Roman Empire. Even after Rome has passed it days of greatness, it is thought that 25% of all people in Rome were slaves. Slavery in the Roman Empire did not suddenly end, but it was slowly replaced when new economic forces introduced other forms of cheap labor.

Facilitate Coaching And Mentoring Essay

1 Understand the benefits of coaching and mentoring practitioners in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 1.1 Analyse the differences between coaching and mentoring 1.2 Explain circumstances when coaching would be an appropriate method of supporting learning at work 1.3 Explain circumstances when mentoring would be an appropriate method of supporting learning at work 1.4 Explain how coaching and mentoring complement other methods of supporting learning 1.5 Analyse how coaching and mentoring at work can promote the business objectives of the work setting 1.6 Evaluate the management implications of supporting coaching and mentoring in the work setting 1.7 Explain how coaching and mentoring in the work setting can contribute to a learning culture 1.8 Explain the importance of meeting the learning needs of coaches and mentors 2 Be able to promote coaching and mentoring of practitioners in health and social care or children and young people’s settin gs 2.1 Promote the benefits of coaching and mentoring in the work setting 2.2 Support practitioners to identify learning needs where it would be appropriate to use coaching 2.3 Support practitioners to identify learning needs where it would be appropriate to use mentoring 2.4 Explain the different types of information, advice and guidance that can support learning in the work setting 2.5 Demonstrate a solution ­focused approach to promoting coaching and mentoring in the work setting 3 Be able to identify the coaching and mentoring needs of practitioners in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 3.1 Use different information sources to determine the coaching and mentoring needs of practitioners in the work setting 3.2 Plan coaching and mentoring activities 4 Be able to implement coaching and mentoring activities in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 4.1 Support the implementation of coaching and mentoring activities 4.2 Select the most appropriate person to act as coach or mentor 4.3 Explain the support needs of those who are working with peers as coaches or mentors 4.4 Provide coaching in a work setting according to the agreed plan 4.5 Provide mentoring in a work setting according to the agreed plan 5 Be able to review the outcomes of coaching and mentoring in health and social care or children and young people’s settings 5.1 Review how the use of coaching and mentoring in the work setting has supported business objectives 5.2 Evaluate the impact of coaching and mentoring on practice 5.3 Develop plans to support the future development of coaching and mentoring in the work setting

Health of Indigenous Peoples Essay

This essay seeks to demonstrate that whilst Indigenous health policy may have been on the Australian public policy agenda since the1960s, the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health has remained. A brief description of the lives of Indigenous Australians prior to the colonisation of Australia is given, followed by a description of various policies that have been introduced by the Australian government to combat these inequalities. This essay demonstrates why these policies have been inadequate, in turn highlighting why the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge in creating Indigenous health policies is important. This essay closes with a brief examination of the Closing the Gap policy, which is utilising the knowledge of Indigenous Australians in creating culturally sensitive Indigenous health policies. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates that by including Indigenous Australians in the policymaking process, we might be starting to close the gap. The health inequality of Indigenous Australians has long been a concern for Australia and the world. Whilst the overall health of Australia has continued to improve, the health of Indigenous Australians remains at levels below those of non-indigenous Australians. Whilst it may seem that there is a lot being done to address these issues, the statistics demonstrate that policies implemented to address these issues have not been effective (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). The thesis of this essay is that whilst the government has been seen as attempting to address the issues of health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, it is only in recent times that the government has implemented programs that are anywhere near close to closing the gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. To demonstrate this thesis, this essay will firstly discuss the history of Indigenous health prior to colonisation. This will be done to highlight how Indigenous health has declined dramatically since colonisation. This essay will then discuss what the government has been doing since the 1967 referendum, in which Indigenous Australians were formally recognised in the Constitution, to address issues of health inequalities (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010). In the next section, a discussion on the reasons why there is a large gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous health will occur. This will be followed by a discussion on the utilisation of Indigenous knowledge to provide adequate health services. This essay will finally discuss the current Closing The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011), which has been introduced to address issues that previous policies have failed to. This will be done to highlight the fact that whilst it may seem that as the Indigenous population require the knowledge and assistance of its non-indigenous counter parts, what is evident is that health of Indigenous populations has in fact declined since the colonisation of Australia. Failing to recognise the correlation between colonisation and declining health of Indigenous people, will only see a continuation of the problem rather than seeing a positive change. Whilst the information pertaining to the health of Indigenous Australians prior to colonisation in 1788 appears to be scarce, what is known is that Indigenous health has been on the decline since the arrival of European settlers. Indigenous Australians were considered to be healthier than those of their colonisers (Flood 2006, p. 120). Prior to colonisation, there was no contact with the outside world and therefore infectious diseases were minimal. Due to the introduction of new illnesses from colonisation, the population of Indigenous Australians declined (Carson 2007, p. 43). It was also common for Indigenous women to contract sexual diseases from the often non-consensual contact with the colonisers (Carson 2007, p. 44). Health was also impacted upon by change in diet. Prior to colonisation, Indigenous Australians maintained a diet of protein and vegetables due to the animals and plants available to them (Flood 2006, p.120), as well as the exercise they maintained from hunting and gathering (Flood 2006, p. 122). After colonisation, the Indigenous diet included many foods which saw an increase in obesity, diabetes and heart disease (O’Dea 1991, p. 233). It was not just the introduction of disease and change in die that impacted upon Indigenous Australians’ health. Anthropological studies surrounding Indigenous culture have shown that Indigenous populations have close ties to the land, as the land is incorporated into their sense of being. Pieces of land belonged to particular groups of individuals, and the objects from the natural landscape were considered to be part of their history (Carson 2007, p. 180). It was the failure of colonisers to understand this worldview that has contributed to the deterioration of mental health amongst Indigenous Australians, as they were forced off their lands and into settlements and reserves (Carson 2007, p. 49). This contributed to the feeling of being disconnected from land and family, exacerbating feelings of not be longing, lack of identity and low self-esteem (Ypinazar et al.2007,p. 474). As one can see, the issue of health amongst Indigenous Australians is a complex one, complicated by the differing world views of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. It is due to this lack of understanding that has resulted in a myriad of health policies that have attempted to address the issue of health inequality of Indigenous Australians. The first health policy to address the health issues of Indigenous Australians was implemented in 1968, with thirty five adjustments made between then and 2006. Without going into the details of every amendment or new policy, what was common throughout this timeline, was that there were various bodies and institutions created to address the issues that had not been adequately addressed previously, responsibilities were allocated by the government to the states and territories, and programs were implemented to address health issues. Change in governments also meant that policies were constantly changing, which meant that the ways in which health issues were seen and therefore addressed also changed (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet 2010). When attempting to implement a policy that will adequately address the issue, what has been found is that comparative analysis has been used to determine how health issues have been addressed in other countries. Whilst this kind of analysis may be sufficient in some circumstances, it does not suit such a situation where our Indigenous population’s culture and worldview is unlike that of any other. For example, whilst health issues may be similar to those of Indigenous populations elsewhere, worldviews which impact upon health and wellbeing will vary and may not be able to be applied from one culture to another (Tsey et al.2003, p. 36). One event that highlights the differing views on how issues should be addressed, was the closing down of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) by the John Howard Government in 2004 (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet2010). What was significant about this was that Indigenous health policy had been the responsibility of ATSIC. This action effectively removed the responsibility of Indigenous health from the Indigenous people and placed the responsibility with mainstream departments that were also responsible for non-indigenous health. By doing this, the government had  wound back many years of work to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, perceiving Indigenous Australians as a culture that could not look after themselves and needed instead the knowledge and expertise of the superior colonialists (Kay & Perrin 2007, p. 19). By removing the responsibility of Indigenous health from ATSIC and placing it in the hands of a body that was also responsible for non-indigenous health, the government failed to understand the intricacies of Indigenous Australian culture and the implications that this kind of action can have on Indigenous health. Whilst the overall health of Australians is amongst the top third of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 8). There is a clear disparity between Indigenous and non-indigenous health, when one considers that even in this day and age of modern medicine, Indigenous Australians are expected to live twelve years less than their non-indigenous counterparts for males, and ten years less for females (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 29). So what are considered to be the reasons for this inequality? What has already been highlighted, is that Indigenous health has suffered from the introduction to changes in diet, introduction of diseases both airborne and venereal, and the impact upon mental health due to dispossession of land and loss of kinship. Mental health issues can also be connected to the economic and social disadvantage of many Indigenous individuals, which can lead to substance abuse and other issues (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 33). The failure to adequately address mental health issues has resulted in deaths by suicide being the second biggest reason for deaths by injury (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 30). These figures demonstrate that policies have clearly not been working. A salient point to note is that Indigenous Australians are the least likely group of the whole population, to access important health services. So what are the reasons behind this lack of access to services? It can be as simple as the kind of service that an individual receives. From personal experience of serving Indigenous customers, tone of voice can be misinterpreted. What may be considered polite in most circumstances, can be misconstrued as being conceited by others. Use of language can also be a barrier. For example, (again from personal experience), language has to be altered to manoeuvre these barriers, such as replacing the term ‘bank account’ with the word ‘kitty’. Other barriers may include the fact that in remote communities, health professionals may also be the town judge, which may deter Indigenous people from accessing the services from a person who might have also been responsible for sentencing an individual or a member of their family (Paul 1998, p.67). Barriers such as the remote locations of individuals in comparison to the services, and the cost of services also have to be taken into account. For example, if a service is some distance away from an individual, the cost of travelling may be too high. The cost of services close by may also be too expensive for individuals, or individuals may receive poor treatment due to either being turned away from services, or mistreatment due to racialist beliefs. This may result in individuals travelling long distances due to this very mistreatment in their own communities (Paul 1998, pp.67-68). The misconception that all Indigenous Australians are one group of people can also result in culturally inadequate services, deterring individuals from accessing important health services (Paul 1998, p. 68). This lack of understanding about Indigenous cultures when providing health services has resulted in a rise in the provision of health services that are either run by Indigenous individuals, or have been created in consultation with Indigenous individuals, to ensure that the services being provided are culturally adequate. An example that highlights this can be seen in the creation of a program in 1998in the Northern Territory that was attempting to address the health inequalities of Indigenous children (Campbell et al 2005, p. 153). There were many problems with this programme because the people that were overseeing the programme did not have cultural knowledge that was a factor in the health and wellbeing of the children. What resulted was a program which was implemented in an Indigenous remote community, which utilised the knowledge of Indigenous people from the community itself. This allowed for the programme to be altered when issues were addressed and individuals within the community were able to provide solutions to issues, rather than being told what was going to happen by an outside authority (Campbell etal. 2005, p. 155). Whilst this programme realised that a bottom-up approach was more beneficial than a top-down one which usually occurs in policy implementation, there were issues because the programme also involved people from the outside that were there to manage the programme, who were unwilling to give total control to the community, generating feelings of disempowerment, resentment and marginalisation (Campbell et al. 2005, p. 156). Whilst there are many examples of programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, one that deserves mentioning because of success that it has had are the men’s groups in Yaba Bimbie and Ma’Ddaimba Balas (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 160). What was found was that these programs were successful because they were run by Indigenous men who had direct knowledge of the cultural issues and needs of the community as they also lived there. They were also successful because the men felt included in their communities by having control, rather than being controlled by an outside source. Due to these men’s groups, individuals were able to come together and share their concerns about their community, and as the others also were from the same community, they were able to contribute to solutions to the problems by feeling able to speak freely about their concerns. One such concern was anger management issues, which were exacerbated by the social issues that the individuals faced (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 163). Whilst, issues like this may seem to be separate, they in fact contribute to other areas, as has been mentioned earlier in regards to mental health and suicide, which flow on to other members of the community, when there may be no one in the family who is able to earn an income, which contributes to poverty. This may in turn, render an individual unable to access services as previously mentioned. As one can see, when individuals who are directly impacted by issues, are included in finding solutions to address these issues, there is more success than when they are not included. It is the understanding of this that has seen the implementation of the Close The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011). This policy is based on the understanding that the concept of health is different in the eyes of Indigenous Australians than that of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare2009). This policy has sought to reduce the gap of inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians by reducing the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halving mortality rates of children by2018, ensuring equal access to early childhood education by 2013, halving the gap in the area of inability to read and write by 2018, halving the gap of individuals who attain their Year 12 education by 2020 and halving the gap of unemployment rates by 2018 (Gillard2011, p. 2). Various programmes have been implemented to address these issues, with a common theme of inclusion. That is, the programs all involve Indigenous Australians who have a better cultural understanding than non-indigenous Australians. This has allowed for individuals to work with their own communities, various levels of government, non-government organisations and businesses (Gillard 2011, p. 6). By doing so, it has provided individuals with a sense of control and purpose over their own lives, which has seen a decrease in the mortality rates of Indigenous Australians (Gillard2011, p. 12), as well as a reduction in the rates of reading and writing problems (Gillard 2011, p. 14). There has also been a significant increase in the numbers of Indigenous Australians aiming towards their Year 12 qualifications (Gillard 2011, p. 16), as well as a decrease in the number of unemployed in the Indigenous population (Gillard 2011, p. 17). Whilst these figures are promising, one has to look at some of the programs that have been implemented as a result of this policy, to see if lessons have been learned from past mistakes, or if similar mistakes are being made. One such program that is deemed to be addressing issues of inequality is the Welfare Payment Reform act, which allowed the government to withhold portions of welfare payments (Gruenstein 2008, p. 468). This was to ensure that portions of the payment were going to required living expenses before going to things such as alcohol. Whilst this may seem as though it is an important step in addressing issues within communities, what is important to note is that policies such as these are in direct violation of the Racial Discrimination Convention because they directly target Indigenous individuals solely because they are Indigenous and are not necessarily in need of intervention (Gruenstein, 2008, p. 469). Whilst the Closing the Gap policy has good intentions, it can result in actions that treat Indigenous Australians as a homogenous group, rather than recognising the variation of issues. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated that Australia has come a long way in addressing the issues of inequality amongst Indigenous Australians. It has been demonstrated that Indigenous Australians were in good health prior to colonisation, and only since colonisation has the health of Indigenous Australians has declined. This essay has also shown that the different governments have varied between allowing Indigenous Australians self-determination, or be included in the process of policy making, to the government seizing control of the issues, excluding the Indigenous community from decision making. Whilst it has been shown that the government has been addressing issues for well over 40 years, it has only been in recent times that issues of inequality have begun to be adequately addressed. By understanding that it is Indigenous Australians who are better able to understand their issues, which stem from the actions of non-indigenous peoples and allowing Indigenous Australians to take control of their own lives, will we start to close the gap of health inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.

A Government s Change Of Political Structure - 1752 Words

A government’s change of political structure needs a careful and cautious review of the various factors that would evidently adjust for the benefit and advantage of a nation’s progress and existence. The Soviet Republic of Livonia has decided to change its government into a democratic one with two options that would guide them. And although the goal and objectives are purposeful and legitimate, the transition would be the most crucial stage of this change because everything may either fall into place or fall out in synchronism. Democracy is a good choice for the new independent nation considering that there is a new means of allowing their people to actively cooperate with the government. The right of suffrage will allow the citizens to elect their chosen representatives especially for the higher and important positions. Through the constitution, people’s rights and responsibilities will be codified enduring limits to their new government. 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